![]() This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry. In this review, we focus on the protein scaffold applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis in the last 5 years, and discuss the pros and cons, and strategies of optimization and design. To date, more than 20 types of protein scaffolds have been developed, with the most frequently used being affibody, adnectin, ANTICALIN®, DARPins, and knottin. Given the properties of small size, high affinity, and excellent specificity and stability, protein scaffolds have been applied in basic research, and preclinical and clinical fields over the past two decades. By combining robust gene engineering and phage display techniques, libraries with sufficient diversity could be established for target binding scaffold selection. (very often murine) parental antibody to the scaffold of a human antibody. ![]() or protein content (hemoglobin), white blood cells, and platelets. Protein scaffolds are small monomeric proteins with stable tertiary structures and mutable residues, which emerged in the 1990s. Antibodies in complex with haptens, proteins, or peptides show distinctive. B lymphocytes make antibodies, which are proteins that specifically target bacteria. The size distribution of blood components ranges from small molecules and ions (< 1 nm) to about 15 m for white blood cells. These issues have led scientists to explore and develop novel antibody alternatives. The protein concentration in plasma/serum is approximately 6080 mg/mL of which about 5060 are albumins and 40 globulins (1020 immunoglobulin G, IgG) 7, 8. Although antibodies are well developed and widely used in cancer therapy and diagnostic fields, some defects remain, such as poor tissue penetration, long in vivo metabolic retention, potential cytotoxicity, patent limitation, and high production cost. Protein scaffolds as antibody alternatives have been widely investigated for cancer diagnosis and therapy in preclinical and clinical studies over the past two decades.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |